In the United States, more than than 30 million (approximately one-third) of school-aged children participate in organized sports. Sports-related injuries occur more frequently in the lower extremities compared with the upper extremities. This section will review acute and chronic sports…
Overview of Musculoskeletal Infections Musculoskeletal infections remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Historically, the workup and treatment of such infections has been based on clinical grounds supplemented by diagnostic aspiration and subsequent surgical incision and drainage. Today, imaging plays a…
Regardless of origin, abnormal limb development tends to fall into patterns that can be recognized clinically and radiographically ( Fig. 131.1 ). Most classification systems of congenital malformations are based on osseous structures, but it is well recognized that anomalous…
Embryology Both striated muscle and bone are derived from the mesodermal germ layer. The limb buds form at the end of the fourth week of fetal life. Near the end of the second month of fetal life, the embryonic cartilaginous…