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Introduction The popularity of gastrointestinal (GI) cytology for the diagnosis of infection and malignancy has waxed and waned during the past few decades. The ability to distinguish between high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma in biopsy specimens…

The advent of improved sampling and visualization devices cemented cytology as a valuable method for the detection of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, premalignant lesions, and infections. Direct endoscopic visualization of the mucosa, coupled with ultrasound imaging of submucosal structures, allows for…