Indications Clavicle fractures account for 2.6%–4% of all adult fractures, with 10%–30% of these occurring in the distal third of the clavicle. The stability and displacement of the fracture determine whether surgery is indicated as the coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments (conoid…
Introduction Pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT), in particular biceps tendonitis, is a common cause of anterior shoulder pain among overhead athletes and manual laborers. Diagnosis relies on history and physical examination, supplemented with magnetic resonance…
Introduction Rotator cuff arthropathy is a cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction consisting of rotator cuff deficiency, superior humeral head migration, and glenohumeral arthritis. History and physical examination with radiographs are the cornerstone of diagnosis, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)…
Introduction Anterior glenohumeral instability is a common problem encountered by the orthopedic surgeon, particularly in young active patients. Young male contact-sport athletes with anterior shoulder instability who do not undergo surgical stabilization have particularly high rates of going on to…