Gregory Grabowski Archives

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Degenerative Conditions of the Cervical and Thoracolumbar Spine

Degenerative conditions of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine are encountered at all levels of medical referral. Because of their prevalence, all practitioners, from primary care providers to spine specialists, should possess a basic understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis,…

Vascular Injuries

Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Vertebral artery injury during cervical spine surgery is a rare but devastating complication. The vertebral artery is most susceptible to injury anteriorly at C7, laterally from C3 to C7, and posteriorly at C1 and C2. A…

Traumatic Arterial Injuries: Diagnosis and Management

Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Vertebral artery injuries (VAIs) are becoming increasingly recognized as more screening protocols are being used. Angiography is the gold standard, but many centers are using computed tomography angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) as the…