Access the accompanying videos for this chapter online. Available on ExpertConsult.com. Management of anterior and middle mediastinal masses in children often depends on obtaining tissue for diagnosis. Conversely, most posterior mediastinal masses require resection. Historically, several modalities have been available,…
Access the accompanying videos for this chapter online. Available on ExpertConsult.com . Empyema thoracis is a collection of inflammatory fluid in the thoracic cavity. It usually arises as a complication of pneumonia, but it may also result from trauma, subdiaphragmatic…
Umbilical Hernia Umbilical hernia is a common disorder in children and is frequently evaluated and treated by pediatric and general surgeons. Unlike other hernias of childhood, a fascial defect is present at birth but may resolve without the need for…
Choledochal Cyst A choledochal cyst is a congenital dilatation of the biliary tract. The dilatation can be found along any portion of the biliary tract. However, the most common site is the choledochus. The diameter of the bile duct varies…
Alimentary tract duplications have been described for hundreds of years, and multiple terms have been used in the literature. The term duplication of the alimentary tract was coined by William Ladd in 1937. He described three common findings: a well-developed…
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a condition that is commonly encountered in infants but usually resolves by 2 years of age. GER is defined as the involuntary retrograde passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, with or without regurgitation or vomiting.…
Access the accompanying videos for this chapter online. Available on ExpertConsult.com . Most undescended testes are palpable at various levels in the inguinal canal. Approximately 10% are not palpable and are located in the abdomen. Surgical management of these nonpalpable…
Access the accompanying videos for this chapter online. Available on ExpertConsult.com . The laparoscopic approach is ideal for patients with a well-circumscribed, benign-appearing lesion of the adrenal gland. Although neuroblastoma is the most common etiology for adrenal masses in children,…
Access the accompanying videos for this chapter online. Available on ExpertConsult.com . The characteristics of biliary tract disease have been well documented in adults. However, many pediatric providers do not readily consider the possibility of cholecystitis or cholelithiasis in young…
Access the accompanying videos for this chapter online. Available on ExpertConsult.com . Gastroesophageal reflux is a frequently seen condition in infants and children. In fact, in premature and young infants, it can be normal until the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)…