Francesca Pirola MD Archives

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The application of the exoscope in lacrimal surgery

9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal drainage apparatus The lacrimal drainage apparatus is a system that carries tears, produced by the lacrimal gland, from the ocular surface to the nasal cavity. It is defined by the following…

Educational role and preclinical application of exoscope-assisted surgery

2.1 Role and importance of education in microsurgery Microsurgery was first introduced in the otolaryngology field at the beginning of the 900s. In 1921, a monocular microscope with a high magnification was first used in ear surgery for the need…