Introduction The burden of valvular heart disease in developed countries is steadily increasing with current estimates of an overall prevalence of 2.5% in the United States who have moderate or severe valvular disease, increasing to 13% prevalence in those older…
Introduction The burden of valvular heart disease in developed countries is steadily increasing with current estimates of an overall prevalence of 2.5% in the United States who have moderate or severe valvular disease, increasing to 13% prevalence in those older…
Key Points ▪ Perioperative applications of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) include monitoring, diagnosis, and procedural guidance. The role of TEE in cardiac surgery, noncardiac surgery, interventional procedures, and critical care continues to evolve. ▪ In noncardiac surgery, intraoperative TEE serves as…
Anesthesia was successfully demonstrated for the first time in 1846. Prior to that time, it was deemed impossible to perform major surgical procedures because of the associated pain and discomfort. Anesthesia has been one the greatest catalysts in the evolution…