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1 How should we evaluate a patient with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI)? After treatment of the infection, the patient should undergo a urinary tract evaluation with a renal-bladder sonogram and ± voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Approximately 50% of children under…
1 What is an urodynamic study? Urodynamic studies assess the functional aspects of the storage and emptying ability of the lower urinary tract (LUT). The principles of urodynamic studies originated from hydrodynamics. The components of urodynamic studies are cystometrogram, leak…
1 What is the prevalence of prostate cancer in the United States? Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men, except for skin cancer. In 2016 an estimated 180,890 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate…
1 What is the incidence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder? Bladder cancer accounts for about 5% of all new cancers in the United States. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for bladder cancer in the United States are…
1 How common is renal cell carcinoma (RCC)? All solid renal masses and cystic lesions with solid components are suspicious for RCC, which affects approximately 65,000 new patients each year and has a 5-year mortality rate of 35%. 2 What…
1 What are the causes of bladder injury? Bladder injury can be caused by trauma or iatrogenic manipulation. Traumatic bladder injuries can be classified as intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal, blunt or penetrating. The most common sign of bladder injury is gross…
1 What is the most common type of renal trauma in the United States, blunt or penetrating? Approximately 90% of renal injuries are caused by blunt mechanism in the United States. 2 Why are pediatric patients more susceptible to major…