Surgeons who prefer valve replacement over valve reconstruction often claim that they are uncertain about the long-term benefits of valve reconstruction. Another assertion is that failure following valve repair is generally attributed to the surgeon, whereas a complication after valve…
Reoperations are uncommon following a successful valvular reconstruction. When they become necessary, the circumstances of the recurrent dysfunction, the mechanisms involved, and the surgical management are important considerations since accurate knowledge of occasional failures is a condition of technical progress.…
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Carcinoid tumors are rare with an incidence of about 4 per 100,000 general population per year. They originate from enterochromaffin cells, which are localized in 70% of cases in the gastrointestinal system and more rarely in the bronchopulmonary system. Carcinoid…
Immune-mediated systemic diseases can create valvular lesions, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Systemic lupus erythematosus is an immune complex–mediated inflammatory disease that can cause a variety of cardiac manifestations including…
Primary cardiac valve tumors are rare and comprise about 10% of all cardiac tumors, which are rare themselves. The most common tumors are papillary fibroelastoma followed by myxoma and fibroma . Extremely rare are hemangioma, sarcoma, and histiocytoma. In asymptomatic…
Although rare, various types of trauma can be responsible for valvular lesions that may not be recognized unless a systematic search is conducted after major penetrating or blunt trauma or following accidents. Traumatic valve injury can also be manifested as…
Endomyocardial fibrosis is characterized by progressive fibrosis and thickening of the ventricular endocardium that result in restrictive cardiomyopathy. The prevalence of this disease is greater in tropical and subtropical countries where parasitosis is frequently encountered. Endomyocardial fibrosis can also be…
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease of the left and/or right ventricle characterized by the development of myocardial hypertrophy predominant at the interventricular septum. There is no direct cause, such as volume or pressure overload. In most instances, the disease is…