Introduction Scientific evidence and data are widely regarded as the basis for modern medicine and surgery. However, the concept of conducting experiments to decide whether new treatments are effective and safe is a relatively recent one. The first published clinical…
Introduction to surgical evidence Evidence-based medicine is a relatively recent innovation. It has only been over the past two centuries that scientific methods have become the accepted means of establishing the most effective treatments and tests. Nowhere in medicine has…
The pancreas is a glandular organ that lies on the posterior abdominal wall in the retroperitoneum (see Chapter 2 ) It is an exocrine gland that secretes enzymes of digestion into the duodenum; it also performs endocrine functions, producing insulin,…