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History and introduction Innovation in three-dimensional (3D)-scanning technology has now enabled all plastic surgeons to have a 3D scanner at their disposal for use in surgical planning. These developments began with innovation in the aviation industry, which translated to innovation…
Key points • The anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen are the intraoperative anatomical landmarks to visualize for the level of a subcranial osteotomy. Violation of the frontal bone via an orbital osteotomy above these landmarks carries the risk of cerebrospinal…