Historical Perspective The study of cervical spine deformity has increased tremendously during the past decade as multiple studies have demonstrated the important role cervical spinal alignment plays in quality of life. Furthermore, the relationships between quality of life and sagittal…
Introduction Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine is a common cause of disability and pain, with lumbar spondylolisthesis affecting 11.5% of the US population and lumbar stenosis affecting more than 200,000 adults in the United States. Spinal fusion surgery is…
Summary of Key Points The upper cervical spine presents many unique challenges to successful stabilization, including complex anatomy and limited access corridors. Because of the high degree of mobility at these levels, internal screw fixation is often required to achieve…