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Several endocrine glands have significant effects on skeletal growth, maturation, and modeling, and understanding these effects facilitates correct radiographic interpretation. Renal osteodystrophy is also included in this chapter because of the importance of hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) in its pathophysiology, as are…

Scoliosis is defined as a lateral spinal curvature greater than 10 degrees, as measured by the Cobb method. Curves less than 10 degrees are termed spinal asymmetry . The lateral curvature is often accompanied by abnormalities in the axial and…