Synopsis ■ There is still much debate regarding the optimal treatment for alveolar reconstruction in cleft care. ■ Current treatment protocols differ regarding timing of repair, graft material, and surgical technique. ■ Secondary alveolar autogenous bone grafting remains the standard…
Introduction Various conditions, congenital and acquired, can limit midface growth resulting in midface hypoplasia. Midface hypoplasia may be a result of developmental maxillary dysplasia, skeletal and dental class III malocclusion, and hard palate narrowing. This can lead to airway obstruction,…
Lumbosacral Anatomy Osseous Anatomy The lumbosacral spine consists of five lumbar (L1–L5) and five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) and their associated intervertebral discs, nerves, muscles, ligaments, and blood vessels. Each vertebra consists of a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes.…