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Lower Limb Alignment and Joint Orientation Bones, joints, and bone and joint segments can be two-dimensionally characterized using axis lines. A mechanical axis line connects the center of a proximal joint to the center of a distal joint ( Fig.…
Introduction The diagnosis and treatment of a malunion or nonunion about the knee should be approached systematically. A malunion is defined as a fully healed fracture resulting in a deformity of the bone. To identify a malunion about the knee…