Despite significant progress in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease over the past 30 years, national statistics indicate that the incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) continue to rise. This has occurred during a time period in which…
One of the major conceptual advances in the field of heart failure (HF) has been the recognition that HF progresses because of the structural changes that occur in the heart in response to hemodynamic, neurohormonal, epigenetic and genetic factors. Although…
Although clinicians recognized the pathophysiological importance of inflammation in the heart as far back as 1669, the formal recognition that inflammatory mediators were activated in the setting of heart failure did not occur for another three centuries. Since the initial…
Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians The epidemiology and clinical assessment of patients with heart failure (HF) is reviewed in Chapter 48 , whereas the following chapter will focus on the management of patients with…
Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Heart Failure Definition and Epidemiology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural and functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. While the clinical…
Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians This chapter focuses on the molecular and cellular changes that underlie heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with an emphasis on the role of neurohormonal activation and…