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Intraoperative echocardiography for mitral valve surgery
Key points Mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral stenosis (MS) may result from abnormalities of the mitral valvular complex—leaflets, annulus, chordae, and papillary muscles—and the left atrium and ventricle. Intraoperative echocardiography is a vital diagnostic technique for mitral valve (MV) surgery…