Defects of the ventricular septum are among the most common congenital cardiac anomalies. Small ventricular septal defects are not associated with significant hemodynamic consequences and may close spontaneously. Large ventricular septal defects are associated with shunting of blood from the…
Defects of the atrial septum are common cardiac anomalies. The surface cardiac anatomy is assessed for cardiac chamber and pulmonary artery enlargement, status of the mitral and tricuspid valves, location of the pulmonary veins (especially the right superior pulmonary vein),…
Cannulation for left and right heart bypass Left or right heart bypass is commonly employed to assist a patient’s failing circulation. This method utilizes readily available cannulae and pumping devices. Pump circuits are extracorporeal, so this type of assisted circulation…
Incision Successful cardiac surgeons know that a standardized routine for cardiac operations is essential. An established routine makes every operation more efficient and, in the case of an emergency, allows one to proceed with speed and accuracy. Control of venae…
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