Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an endocrine disorder characterized by autonomic overproduction of intact parathyroid hormone. It is often asymptomatic and identified through routine biochemical screening demonstrating hypercalcemia with elevated or upper normal levels of circulating intact parathyroid hormone. Osteoporosis may…
Abdominal Aorta The abdominal aorta continues from the thoracic aorta as it passes posterior to the median arcuate ligament and between the crura of the diaphragm (aortic hiatus), in front of the body of the T12 vertebra and then descends…
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Imaging Modalities of The Upper Extremity Imaging of the arterial and venous systems is an important component of the evaluation in many vascular disorders involving the upper extremity. This chapter provides a brief overview of vascular imaging, including ultrasonography (US),…