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Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives
Summary of Key Points Many medication options exist for the management of chronic spinal and back pain disorders, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, acetaminophen, oral steroids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids, cannabinoids, and topical ointments. Muscle relaxants, oral steroids, opioids, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatories can…