Introduction Since 1974, when the first three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) images of the heart were obtained by Dekker and colleagues, 3DE technology has greatly evolved. The development of the real-time volumetric acquisition technique, along with significant technological advances in computer and…
The right ventricle plays a crucial role in determining patient functional status and prognosis in various conditions. Accordingly, the quantification of right ventricular (RV) function should be part of any routine echocardiographic workup. However, the assessment of RV size and…
Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography (2DE and 3DE, respectively), combined with spectral and color-flow Doppler evaluation, provides the most accurate laboratory test in detection and quantification of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). “Physiologic” TR is associated with normal valve leaflet morphology and normal…
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is characterized by a variable amount of blood regurgitating from the right ventricle (RV) into the right atrium (RA) during systole, eventually leading to excess mortality and cardiac morbidity. Several studies showed that the prevalence of clinically…
Acknowledgment The author thanks Dr. Theresa S.M. Tsang for her contribution to the previous edition of this chapter. A wealth of imaging and hemodynamic data have documented that the left atrium (LA) is not only a simple conduit for left…
The right ventricle (RV) plays a key role in the outcome of many disease states. RV dysfunction is associated with excess morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic left-sided heart failure (HF), acute myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary embolism (PE), pulmonary…
The milestone in the history of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has been the development of fully sampled matrix-array transthoracic transducers based on advanced digital processing and improved image formation algorithms that allowed the operators to obtain on-cart transthoracic real-time volumetric imaging…