Summary of Key Points Artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging. Knowledge of artifacts can aid in diagnosis. Understanding ultrasound physics allows for correction of artifacts that distort the visualized anatomy. Chapter Outline ASSUMPTIONS IN GRAY-SCALE IMAGING Velocity of Sound Attenuation…
Summary of Key Points Spine ultrasound is used in the evaluation of neonates and infants (up to 3-4 months) with high- or moderate-risk cutaneous manifestations of closed spinal dysraphism, clinical signs of a tethered cord, or congenital anomalies that are…
Summary of Key Points Hydrops is defined as an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in at least two body cavities (pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial) or one body cavity in association with anasarca (generalized massive edema). Placentomegaly and polyhydramnios are common…
Summary of Key Points Protocol-based ultrasound carefully performed by a knowledgeable and experienced examiner following established guidelines is very sensitive in evaluating the central nervous system (CNS). Ventriculomegaly can be due to many underlying conditions, including obstruction, destruction, and dysmorphism,…
Summary of Key Points First-trimester development follows a predictable pattern on first-trimester ultrasound. Some ultrasound findings are definitive for early pregnancy failure, whereas others are suggestive and require follow-up. Ultrasound is vital in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in typical…
Summary of Key Points Ultrasound allows for accurate prediction of gestational age. The appropriate training and skills are necessary for safely performing and accurately interpreting obstetric ultrasound There are many options for screening pregnant women, most of which include ultrasound.…
Summary of Key Points Transvaginal ultrasound is usually needed for optimal assessment of the uterus. Uterine enlargement in a nonpregnant patient is most commonly caused by fibroids or adenomyosis. Adenomyosis should be considered when there is an enlarged globular shape…
Summary of Key Points Dynamic ultrasound is the key examination for assessing the groin or anterior abdominal wall pain. Dynamic components of the examination include Valsalva and compression maneuvers and scanning in both supine and upright positions. Dynamic sonography enables…
Summary Key Points The adrenal glands are responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating hormonal production and secretion within the body. The adrenal cortex is comprised of the zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis, which are responsible for aldosterone, glucocorticoid, and androgen…
Summary of Key Points Renal ultrasound is the screening modality of choice for the initial evaluation of renal insufficiency. Relevant imaging markers include parenchymal echogenicity, renal length, and collecting system dilatation. The primary role for ultrasound in the evaluation of…