Key Points Although patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal defect (ASD) both involve an abnormal communication across the interatrial septum, their causes are different. PFO results from lack of fusion between the septum primum and the septum secundum, whereas…
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), coronary fistulas, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), and aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) represent unwanted vascular communications that can potentially cause severe clinical sequelae such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, or even endarteritis. Although surgical ligation or expectant management…
Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Advances in surgical and medical care have led to rapid growth in the number and state of adults living with congenital heart disease (see Chapter 82 ). Consequently there…