Introduction Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a relatively infrequent yet detrimental complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation thought to be related to intimal thermal or barotrauma of the pulmonary veins (PV). Early AF ablative techniques focusing specifically on the PV…
Atrial fibrillation (AF) accounts for the majority of cardioembolic strokes, especially in elderly individuals. Although anticoagulation reduces the risk of embolic stroke, a significant proportion of AF patients have relative or absolute contraindications to anticoagulation. Patients with high bleeding risk…
Background Aortic stenosis (AS) is common in the elderly population, with a prevalence of approximately 3% in patients over 75 years old. The prognosis of symptomatic severe AS is poor, with a 50% mortality rate at 2 years; therefore valve…
Transseptal catherization was first described by Ross, Braunwald, and Morrow in 1959 as a feasible method to obtain direct left atrial (LA) pressure measurements. Although the use of transseptal puncture (TSP) for hemodynamic assessment had since declined due to the…