Key Points 1. Because of successes in treating congenital cardiac lesions, there are currently as many as or more adults than children with congenital heart disease (CHD). 2. Noncardiac anesthesiologists see these patients for a vast array of ailments and…
Key Points 1. Cardiac transplant is the definitive treatment of advanced heart failure and has demonstrated improving outcomes and long-term survival. 2. The transplanted heart receives no neural modulatory signal in the posttransplant period and is dependent on filling and…
Key Points 1. Active fixation leads can penetrate through structures (e.g., the thin-walled right atrium) during placement and present as pain, pneumomediastinum, or effusions. 2. Active rate modulation in cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs) may result in heart rate changes…