1 How do anesthetic requirements differ during various time points in a craniotomy? A craniotomy is unique in that the level of nociceptive stimulus varies greatly and the portions of the procedure that require deep anesthesia are mostly at the…
1 What are the common indications for spine surgery? By-and-large, spinal deformity is the most common reason a patient requires surgery. Causes of the deformity are usually developmental, such as scoliosis, or degenerative processes. Other reasons for spine surgery include…
1 What is normal cerebral blood flow (CBF)? At what level is CBF considered ischemic? Normal CBF in humans is 40 to 60 mL/100 g/min (15% of cardiac output). The cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO 2 ) in adults…