Management of benign biliary strictures, whether surgical, percutaneous-transhepatic, or by endoscopic means, is difficult. These lesions are formed of cicatricial fibrosis and are recalcitrant to many minimally invasive techniques. They can be a contributing factor to recurrent cholangitis, hepatic segmental…
Clinical Relevance Chronic pelvic pain, characterized by noncyclic pelvic pain for longer than 6 months, is a common medical problem among women. The condition is potentially debilitating, and it afflicts millions of women worldwide. It has been reported that up…
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge authors Ali Albayati, Emily M. Tanski, and Emily J. Timmreck, who contributed to this chapter in the second edition. Although relatively uncommon, male varicocele often affects otherwise healthy men with symptoms such as pain…
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Shundra Dinkins, Toni Acfalle, and Dana Murphy for their expertise in preparation of this manuscript. The authors also would like to acknowledge Jozef M. Brozyna, Suma Chandra, Hank K. Chen, Gina D. Tran,…