Overview As with other larger joints, ultrasound is most useful when the patient's symptoms are localized to a relatively specific area. More diffuse symptoms suggest internal derangement due to meniscal, cruciate and cartilage injuries. These are diagnosed by MRI with…
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a disorder where under development of the acetabulum leads to reduced femoral head coverage which, in turn, predisposes to acetabular labral abnormalities and early cartilage disease. If uncorrected,…
Introduction Lateral and posterior hip pain may be due to variety of intra- and extraarticular conditions. Ultrasound is a useful image modality for rapid assessment of extraarticular soft tissue abnormalities, many of which are tendon or muscle related. Certain specific…
Introduction The hip region is an area of complex anatomy with numerous vascular, nervous and muscular structures passing between the trunk and the lower extremity. Conditions remote to the hip joint may present as pain in the groin. Clinical examination…
Introduction Commoner causes of groin discomfort in the general population include inguinal hernias and muscle strains in the lower abdominal wall and upper thigh. Muscular strains in this group of patients often do not present to a primary care physician…
Introduction Although a comprehensive hip examination will be described, in the majority of cases the examination is focused on the particular presenting symptom. Potential causes of anterior hip pain extend from the pubic symphysis to the hip joint itself. Patients…
Introduction This section will be divided into abnormalities that occur on the flexor side and those that occur on the extensor side of the fingers. Each section will deal separately with disorders of tendons and ligaments and retinacula. The flexor…
Introduction Like the wrist, most patients with finger pathology are examined seated opposite the examiner. Interventional procedures can be carried out with the patient prone and their hand extended above their head if there is anxiety or fainting risk. Position…
Neural Entrapment Carpal Tunnel Syndrome The carpal tunnel is formed posteriorly by the carpal bones and extrinsic ligaments, and anteriorly by the flexor retinaculum or transverse carpal ligament, a thin fibrous band which inserts into the scaphoid and trapezium on…
Tendon Disease Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Instability The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon passes through the sixth extensor compartment, a fibroosseous tunnel over the distal 2 cm of the ulna. Key Point The ECU subsheath is a retinaculum, separate from the extensor…