Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grant #DA-03746. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of Michaela Bamdad and Catalina Saldaña, who read an earlier version of the manuscript and made helpful suggestions. MG thanks the…
Mechanism of Action Methamphetamine is an indirect monoamine agonist that increases intracellular and extracellular levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Methamphetamine gains entry into neurons either as a substrate at plasmalemmal neurotransmitter transporters or via diffusion across…
History Opiates have been used for thousands of years, with evidence of opium poppy (known as Hul Gil, “joy plant”) cultivation more than 5000 years ago among the Sumerians in the area of Mesopotamia, near modern day Iraq. Its use…
Strategies for Selecting Candidate Medications for Testing Bottom–Up Approach: Modulation of Appetitive Drives Preclinical animal models of cocaine addiction, self-administration, reinstatement, and cue reactivity are commonly used to screen compounds for their potential as medications for treating cocaine dependence. These…
Introduction Alcohol was used in Egypt since the time of the pharaohs, when wine played an important part in ceremonial life. . Egyptian texts more than 8000-years-old made reference to alcohol abuse and its consequences. The ancient Greeks were also…
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Elsevier for permission to reproduce some text from a recent review article. We also thank the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for its support through grants 5 R01 AA010522–14, 5 R01 AA012964–06, 5…
Acknowledgments Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service funds (RCS 00-001) supported preparation of the manuscript. The views expressed here are those of the author. Introduction Twelve-step mutual-help groups, often also called self-help or support groups, are…
Introduction Since we finished this chapter in 2012, there has been a notable gap in therapeutic community outcome research. Although systematic reviews of the research in recent years on the therapeutic community conclude that therapeutic communities produce positive outcomes on…
Acknowledgment This paper was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (No. DA13814, DA016090, DA020138, and P50 DA16094). Introduction Schools are an efficient and convenient choice of setting for intervention programs targeting adolescents. Schools provide access to…
Introduction Compared with other nations, the United States incarcerates the largest percentage of its citizens, with close to 7 million adults and 650,000 youth under some form of criminal justice supervision, including prison, jail, and probation or parole supervision in…