Introduction Flexor tendon injuries are among commonly seen hand trauma, and outcomes of the treatment in the fingers and thumbs are traditionally unsatisfactory. In the hand and the forearm, flexor tendons are divided into five anatomical zones. Zone 2 is…
Introduction The hand is in harm’s way. It is at the frontier of all work and contact with the environment. The fingertips, as a collective functional unit, bear the statistical brunt of such injuries. Hand injuries constitute the single most…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Embryology The upper limb bud develops from the flank of the developing embryo from day 26. Somatic lateral plate mesoderm forms the skeleton and mesoderm from…
Introduction Lymphedema is a chronic, debilitating disease resulting from infections, obesity, congenital abnormalities, or traumatic injuries. Congenital abnormalities of the lymphatic system resulting in lymphedema are referred to as primary lymphedema. In contrast, lymphedema resulting from trauma, injury, infections, or…
Introduction Worldwide, lower extremity trauma is associated with significant cost, as well as considerable morbidity and even mortality. In the United States, open tibial shaft fractures are most common in young adult males and typically result from motor vehicle collisions…
Introduction Pressure sores, also known as pressure injuries, pressure ulcers, decubitus ulcers, and bedsores, are a common problem. A pressure sore comprises a “localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of…
Perineal Reconstruction Niri S. Niranjan and Charles Y.Y. Loh Perineal reconstruction is a challenging feat and there are multiple considerations for the surgeon. Discussed here are the relevant anatomy, common workhorse flaps for perineal reconstructions, our tips and tricks from…
Anatomy The abdominal wall is a multilayered structure that wraps around and protects the abdominal viscera. In addition, it is involved in numerous other functions including trunk movement, respiratory effort (active expiration), and an adjunctive force in micturition and defecation.…
Overview of the Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage serves two principal functions: to protect the thorax and upper abdomen and their associated viscera, and to allow movement for ventilation. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs and their respective costal…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction The best way to approach esthetic breast surgery is to work with gravity – not against it. Remove tissue where it is in excess and…