Purpura is a significant finding, especially because it has been associated with multiple infectious causes, some of which are life-threatening. Purpura results from trauma to blood vessels in the skin, causing hemorrhage into the surrounding tissue. Purpuric lesions do not…
Vesicles and bullae (i.e., blisters) result from a disturbance of epidermal or basement membrane connections, creating spaces that allow fluid collection. Blisters can be caused directly by bacterial, viral, and fungal infections or a reactive phenomenon to an infection. Diagnosis…
Approach Differentiating rashes due to infection from other common cutaneous eruptions, particularly adverse drug eruptions, can be difficult. Recognizing the differences in presentation and using proper terminology for erythematous exanthems are the initial steps. The commonly used (and often overused)…
The skin has a primary protective function, providing a permeability barrier that prevents the loss of water and electrolytes and protects against the invasion of pathogens. Intact skin is resistant to colonization and invasion of bacteria by several mechanisms. The…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge substantial use of material from this chapter in the previous edition. Abdominal abscesses in children can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Even when managed appropriately, morbidity still can be high. Abdominal abscesses are categorized as…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge Marion C. W. Henry and R. Lawrence Moss, who contributed this topic to the previous edition. Appendicitis is the most common reason for emergent abdominal surgery in children. Although this disease is no longer responsible for…
Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge Drs. Shawn J. Rangel, Samuel E. Rice-Townsend, Mahima Karki, and R. Lawrence Moss, authors of this chapter in the previous edition. Peritonitis is an inflammatory process involving the peritoneum, a specialized lining of the…
Acknowledgements Substantial material for this chapter is taken with permission from the chapter of the same name and topic by Dr. Beverly Connelly in the previous edition. Cholecystitis and cholangitis refer to inflammation of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts,…
Acknowledgements Substantial material for this chapter is taken from the chapter of the same name and topic by Dr. Beverly Connelly in the previous edition. The incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children has been rising over recent decades. Admissions…
Acknowledgements Substantial material for this chapter is taken from the chapter of the same name and topic by Dr. Beverly Connelly in the previous edition. Histologically, evident granulomas in the liver are referred to as granulomatous hepatitis . Granulomas are…