Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. 5.1 Hippo Pathway The Hippo pathway was first described in Drosophila melanogaster and core proteins in the kinase cascade and coactivators are highly conserved in mammalian cells. The Hippo pathway…
Abbreviations BMP bone morphogenetic protein Disp dispatched d.p.c. days post coitum Fgf fibroblast growth factor Fu fused Hh Hedgehog Hhip Hedgehog interacting protein HSC hepatic stellate cell IFT intraflagellar transport PanIN pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas Ptch patched…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the contributions of authors of previous editions of this chapter to the development of this text: John A. Barnard and Kirk M. McHugh (4th ed.), and John F. Kuemmerle (5th ed.). 3.1 Introduction…
2.1 Introduction The intestinal tract secretes a number of hormones that coordinate local, peripheral, and central responses to food intake. Hormones produced in the stomach are regulated rapidly after food ingestion and are largely involved in the control of acid…
Acknowledgment The work was supported by Public Health Service NIH Grant R01-DK55732 and R37-DK45729 to JLM. With the human genome sequencing project completed in 2001, perhaps the most important piece of information that we have learned is that the clues…
Introduction * Just prior to publication, the FDA reported on invasive infections in two immunocompromised patients who received a fecal transplant from a donor found to be infected with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E.coli). One of the subjects died.…
Children with neurologic motor disorders such as cerebral palsy (CP) and muscular dystrophies are a challenging, diverse population of patients who require an innovative approach to nutritional management. These children and their families experience unique and daunting challenges. Medical expenses…
Introduction The skeleton has a variety of functions, including mechanical support, protection of soft tissues, locomotion, hematopoiesis, energy homeostasis, and acid–base buffering. The skeleton is the largest reservoir for calcium and phosphate in the body. Chronic gastrointestinal (GI) and liver…
Hippocrates was the first to define the term “diarrhea” literally from the Greek “rhea” (to flow) and “dia” (through). Diarrhea is defined as the passage of at least three loose or watery stools in a 24-hour period. It is further…
The preferred route for the nutritional support of a sick child is via the alimentary canal. The first option is always to determine if a palatable oral diet that meets the patient’s nutritional needs can be absorbed and tolerated. When…