Introduction The addiction epidemic in the United States has now reached crisis proportions. It is no longer a topic confined to healthcare professionals and is now receiving considerable attention by the press, media, and politicians. Recent data shows widespread use…
Overview Substance use disorders are characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as “a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems”. The diagnostic criteria…
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CHAPTER 1 1 B. Male gender, younger, low SES, single Young unmarried men of low SES carry the highest risk for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Generally speaking, most present with early symptoms of AUD before the age of 30.…
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DEFINITIONS OF TERMS RELATING TO MODELS OF CARE Centralized model of care: Substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is integrated and offered in a single location, frequently delivered by the primary care physician with an addiction specialist providing support. Distributive model…
DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug and alcohol testing can and should be ordered in various settings. Understanding the context for which such a thing is being ordered can help determine testing procedures. For example, for parents seeking to monitor their…
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN General Pain Pathways These pathways are the primary components that connect, receive, and process all the pain information generated by neurons. The pain pathway comprises three orders of neurons that transmit pain signals to the brain.…
DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS This section discusses ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), and dextromethorphan (DXM). Nitrous oxide is an inhalant with dissociative properties and is discussed in greater detail later in the chapter. All four of these substances share the pharmacological property of being…
NEUROBIOLOGY AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Stimulants refer to a heterogeneous class of substances with the action of stimulating the central nervous system, primarily through noradrenergic and dopaminergic effects. The stimulants discussed in this chapter include amphetamines, methamphetamines, methylphenidates, cocaine, cathinones, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine…