Objectives Describe the anatomy of the large intestine. Explain the function of the ileocecal reflex. Define a mass movement. Understand the motility of defecation and the rectosphincteric reflex. Discuss the control of defecation and explain the loss of control that…
Objectives Compare the motility patterns of the small intestine during feeding and fasting. Describe the functions of slow waves and spike potentials in regulating contractions of the small intestine. Describe the functions and control of the migrating motility complex. Explain…
Objectives Describe the contractions of the orad and caudad regions of the stomach. Explain the regulation of the contractile activity of the stomach, including the role of slow waves. List the components of the gastric contents that affect the rate…
Objectives Describe the oral and pharyngeal events taking place during a swallow. Describe the pressures within the esophagus and oral stomach at rest and during a swallow. Explain the regulation involved during a swallow, including its initiation and peristalsis through…
Objectives Understand the anatomy and functions of the enteric nervous system and its relationship with the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. Describe the anatomy and types of contractions of smooth muscle cells. Explain the role of calcium ion in the contraction…
Objectives Describe the four major functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Understand the differences between and significance of endocrine, paracrine, and neurocrine agents. Identify the major GI hormones, their functions, sites of release, and stimuli for release. Identify the important…
Pancreatic pseudocysts, abscesses, and walled-off necrosis (WON) are types of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) that arise as a consequence of pancreatic injury. These sequelae of pancreatic injury result from a disruption of the main pancreatic duct (PD) and/or side branches.…
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a rare disease in Western countries (incidence 2 to 10/100,000 per year). It ultimately leads to irreversible damage of the pancreas, with exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. In the majority of cases pain is the major clinical…
Background Over time, the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the setting of acute pancreatitis has evolved. Previously, ERCP was commonly used after resolution of an acute attack, or more commonly multiple attacks, in an attempt to define pancreatic…
Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis (AP), accounting for approximately 35% of cases in the United States and Europe and up to 65% of cases in Asia. The majority of patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis (AGP) will…