Key Concepts Diagnosis is based on the anatomic location of ocular inflammation: vitreous and peripheral retina with macular edema. Intermediate uveitis is frequently associated with a systemic or infectious disease. Pars planitis is a subtype of intermediate uveitis. Complications include…
Key Concepts Scleritis is a painful and potentially sight-threatening inflammation of the sclera and is associated with immune or infectious causes. Treatment often requires systemic anti-inflammatory therapy, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Biologic agents, including the anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α…
Key Concepts Anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis, with an annual incidence of 8:100,000 population, and is the least likely to be referred to a uveitis specialist. Although anterior uveitis is usually the most easily managed form,…
Key Concepts The causes of postoperative inflammation are divided into those occurring acutely and those occurring after 6 weeks. Bacterial infections are the most common, but fungal endophthalmitis may also occur sometime after surgery. Lens-induced uveitis may occur spontaneously in…
Key Concepts Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a disease that affects 17.7 million people worldwide, and some 123 million people live in regions where onchocerciasis is endemic; ivermectin is usually the drug of choice, but use of it has not…
Key Concepts Toxocariasis is a zoonotic infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Although ocular toxocariasis is relatively uncommon, it mostly affects young children and frequently causes permanent vision loss, including blindness. The diagnosis is predominantly based…
Key Concepts Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) is characterized by a triad of peripapillary pigment changes, white round chorioretinal macular and midperipheral scars, and absence of vitritis. Amphotericin therapy does not help. Lesions have a high possibility of choroidal neovascularization.…
Key Concepts Ocular disease can occur with both congenital and acquired diseases. Disease is often unilateral, and the majority of recurrences are seen as satellite lesions. Immunodeficient patients are at risk for acquired disease, reactivation of old disease, and bilateral…
Key Concepts Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common cause of inflammatory eye disease. Keratitis and anterior uveitis are frequent manifestations of HSV disease; secondary glaucoma is an important cause of vision loss. A number of randomized controlled trials have…
Key Concepts Despite effective antiviral therapies, herpes infection of the eye can lead to severe uveitis with substantial vision loss. Because acute retinal necrosis (ARN) can often begin as anterior uveitis, examination of the peripheral retina is important in all…