The clinical aspects of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are appropriately discussed after the neuropathology (see Chapter 22 ) and pathophysiology (see Chapter 23 ), because understanding of the clinical phenomena is facilitated greatly by an awareness of the underlying pathological…
Introduction This chapter addresses the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic injury. This is a dynamic process, characterized by an evolving cascade of events that may continue for days to weeks, months, and years after the initial insult. The neuropathology following primary, latent,…
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a very important neurological problem of the perinatal period. This importance relates to the general gravity of the lesions and to the relatively large number of affected infants. In the premature infant, this encephalopathy is often…
The focus in this chapter is the assessment of fetal well-being, particularly as a means for the recognition of the infant that may be at risk of hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury. The identification of an intrauterine disturbance in gas exchange between…
INTRODUCTION This chapter addresses the clinical aspects of the encephalopathy of prematurity, a term coined to characterize the multifaceted, nonhemorrhagic white and gray matter lesions in the premature brain that reflect a combination of destructive and dysmaturational effects (see Chapters…
OVERVIEW OF PATHOGENESIS Our understanding of the pathophysiology of the encephalopathy of prematurity continues to evolve significantly. Whereas the focus of this chapter in the prior edition was principally on cerebral white matter injury (WMI), it has become increasingly evident…
The major neuropathological substrate of human preterm brain injury is the encephalopathy of prematurity , a term coined to characterize the multifaceted gray and white matter lesions in the preterm brain that reflect acquired and developmental factors in combination (…
INTRODUCTION A preponderance of clinical and experimental evidence suggests that systemic inflammation and its neurobiological consequences are involved importantly in brain injury and subsequent impairments of brain maturation in both term and preterm newborns, The central nervous system (CNS) is…
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the perinatal period represents an important portion of neonatal neurology. To understand the features of HIE, which are discussed extensively in this unit, it is necessary to be cognizant of the physiological and biochemical derangements that…
INTRODUCTION Seizures are distinctive and frequent manifestations of neurological disease in the neonatal period. The incidence of seizures varies with gestational age and birth weight. Estimated incidences range from 5 to 15/1000 live births in very-low-birth-weight infants to 1 to…