Tropical Dermatology

Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease

Introduction Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have become an important medical challenge worldwide, especially among the tropical countries. The ubiquitousness of STDs affects all nations and races, but is particularly evident in developing countries. Insufficient health-care centers, inadequate laboratory capabilities,…

Bartonellosis

Introduction Bartonella bacilliformis was described more than 100 years ago as the cause of Carrión disease (CD) but it remained a medical curiosity until the description of bacillary angiomatosis (BA) in the late 1980s. The genus Bartonella has received great…

Ehrlichioses

Key Points Fever, history of tick bite / tick exposure. Signs and symptoms are non-specific. Macular or maculopapular rash in approximately 30% of patients with HME; 2–5% in cases of HGA. In HME cases, rash is more frequent in the pediatric population…

Rickettsial Infections

Key Point Rickettsiae are obligately intracellular, Gram-negative bacteria that are transmitted when arthropods feed on humans. An important clue to diagnosing rickettsial disease is the eschar that forms at the site of an arthropod bite. First-line therapy for rickettsial infection…

Mycobacteria

Tuberculosis Leninha Valerio do Nascimento Caroline Fattori Assed Saad Synonyms Tisic, scrofula Key Points Mycobacteria. Tuberculosis. Tuberculides. Introduction Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases on earth, and affects the lungs, lymphatic ganglia, bones, intestines, skin, and other organs. Most often there…

Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Pyodermas

Key Points Pyodermas caused by Gram-positive cocci are a significant cause of morbidity and comorbidity in developing countries. Antibiotic resistance, empiric and inadequate therapy, and cost of new antibiotics impede efforts to reduce prevalence of cutaneous skin infections. Toxin production…

Meningococcal Disease

Key Points Infections with bacteria of the species Neisseria meningitidis are the most common cause of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in young adults. The disease may occur in seasonal epidemics and it affects both children and adults worldwide. Severe flu-like symptoms…

Systemic Fungal Infections

Introduction Without any doubt systemic fungal infections constitute public health and economic problems. Nowhere is this clearer than in tropical countries where these diseases are endemic, or at least have a high incidence. The World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged…

Subcutaneous Mycoses

Introduction Subcutaneous mycoses are a group of fungal diseases produced by a heterogeneous group of fungi that infect the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and in some cases the underlying tissues and organs. The causative agents are commonly found in the soil,…

Superficial Mycoses and Dermatophytes

Introduction Fungal disease involving human keratinized tissue may be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytic fungi, or a combination of both. Superficial disease caused by non-dermatophytes is limited to the stratum corneum, hair, or both. When fungi grow on the host, there…