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Vaccine Basics and the Development and Rollout of COVID-19 Vaccines
Historical Introduction to Vaccines At the end of 2019, a novel human pathogen was first identified in China and resulted in a pandemic that posed the greatest infectious threat that humans had encountered in modern times. The virus responsible for…
Novel Therapeutic Targets for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Factors That Affect Therapy for Treatment of COVID-19 Symptoms Symptoms of COVID-19 are many , ; some of them are as mild as those of normal influenza and others quite severe. Treatment provided to a patient with mild COVID-19 symptoms…
Therapeutics for COVID-19
Evolution of Therapeutic Approaches The deadly novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread like wildfire across the entire world in the first exceptionally severe pandemic of the 21st century. Humanity had…
COVID-19: Emergency Medicine Perspectives
OUTLINE Introduction, 268 Clinical Manifestations, 268 History, 269 Physical Examination, 269 Pulmonary, 269 Ear, Nose, and Throat, 269 Neurological, 269 Gastrointestinal, 269 Diagnostic Workup and Investigation, 269 Laboratory Evaluation, 269 Imaging, 271 Consultation, 271 Management, 271 Symptomatic Support, 271 Home…
COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents
Coronavirus Infections in Children and Adolescents Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses comprising four genera: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. They infect humans and animals and were first described in the 1960s as causative agents of mild upper respiratory tract…
Impact of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Fetus and Newborn
History of Perinatal Coronavirus Infections Before the worldwide pandemic, data on coronavirus infection in pregnancy were limited despite two previous large epidemics. A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis found only 12 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and…
Psychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19
Introduction Neuropsychiatric sequelae of viral infections have been described in the literature and are well known from studies of influenza pandemics , , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, and viral encephalitis. Perhaps the most researched neuropsychiatric disorder after a viral…
Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19
Introduction and Historical Perspectives In late December 2019, an ophthalmologist named Li Wenliang sent a message to a group of fellow physicians in Wuhan, China, warning them of an emerging respiratory illness that he thought bore resemblance to severe acute…
Kidney Manifestations of COVID-19
Acute Kidney Injury Incidence and Mortality Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection AKI incidence has varied based on the geographic location and clinical situation during the pandemic. A meta-analysis of over 13,000 patients reported an AKI prevalence of 17%, although the range…