1 Introduction The importance of phosphate regulation in the human body has been highlighted by research showing that phosphate dysregulation is associated with many disease conditions, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease, tumorigenesis, premature aging, and skeletal disorders. The…
Acknowledgments Original work described here was supported by NIH grants: DK069998 and DK105811 (PAF); DK087688 and DK102495 (JPV). The authors declare that they have no financial or other conflicts of interest. 1 Biosynthesis and Metabolism The chief cells of the…
1 Introduction The history of the renin–angiotensin system begins with the studies of Tigerstedt and Bergman. The number of publications related to this system was relatively few until the mid-20th century. However, as shown in Fig. 29.1 , the number…
1 Introduction The kidney plays the primary role in salt and water homeostasis, maintaining osmolarity and volume in the extracellular space within a very narrow range despite wide variations in fluid and salt intake. Aldosterone plays a significant role in…
Key Points Patients with advanced predialysis and dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a fivefold higher prevalence of hypothyroidism compared to those with normal kidney function. In the general population, serum thyrotropin (TSH) is the most sensitive and specific single…
1 Early History of Aldosterone 1.1 Early Work on Adrenal Extracts 1.1.1 Activity of Amorphous Fraction The first serious attempts to isolate the compound reasonable for maintaining the life of adrenalectomized animals started round about 1935 following the preparation of…
Key Points Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor activation exert cardiovascular effects above and beyond effects on blood pressure Several large clinical trials have shown that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, in addition to usual therapy that includes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin…
1 Introduction Aldosterone represents the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland and specifically within the outer adrenocortical cells of the glomerulosa. The need for the structural zonation of the adrenal cortex as a mechanism to control aldosterone production is…
Key Points EPO is a member of the type I cytokine family and a multifunctional protein EPO is synthesized primarily by the kidney as a circulating hormone for erythropoiesis and locally for paracrine/autocrine tissue protection and repair EPO activates multiple…
1 Introduction The discovery of vitamin D, the elucidation of the associated pathophysiology and then, more recently, the discovery and application of drugs that modulate the parathyroid hormone (PTH)–vitamin D–mineral physiology have their origins in a fascinating series of scientific…