Craniofacial Clefts Craniofacial clefts (CFC) are rare congenital malformations. They may involve the whole head or be limited to subtle defects in apposition of junctional facial structures. These complex malformations may be isolated or syndromic; they have significant functional, psychological…
Introduction Histiocytic disorders occasionally affect the eye and ocular adnexa. The range of histiocytic lesions seen by ophthalmologists includes Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD), and Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD). While LCH and JXG are predominately pediatric…
Neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma are the tumors that most commonly metastasize to the child’s orbit. Wilms tumor, testicular embryonal sarcoma, ovarian sarcoma, and renal embryonal sarcoma occasionally do so. Rarely, rhabdomyosarcoma may also spread to the orbit from distant sites.…
Introduction Orbital mesenchyme arises from the neural crest; mesenchymal stem cells develop into a wide variety of tissues, including smooth and skeletal muscle, fat, cartilage, and bone. Orbital mesenchymal lesions constitute about 5% of pediatric orbital disease. Bony lesions are…
General Points Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant neoplasm that can develop in children or adults. This is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the head and neck in children and represents 5% of childhood cancers. RMS can occur…
Introduction Primary neurogenic tumors of the orbit arise from the optic nerve, from peripheral sensory or motor nerves or from the autonomic ciliary ganglion. Secondary neurogenic tumors include retinoblastomas and intracranial meningiomas that invade directly from contiguous structures or neuroblastomas…
The vascular element of the orbit is an important source of disease in childhood with the potential to cause visual loss. For years, the names and nature of the various vascular anomalies which may affect the orbit were the subject…
Orbital abnormalities in childhood may be congenital or acquired. Congenital developmental abnormalities can be confined to the orbit or part of a more widespread craniofacial malformation. For example, proptosis may be related to shallow or small orbits in the craniosynostoses…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction The lacrimal system has two components – the secretory and the drainage portions. The secretory component is composed of the lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal glands…
Introduction For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. This chapter addresses the practical management of congenital and acquired eyelid conditions. The main indications for eyelid surgery in children are to optimize the potential for…