Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission of skeletal muscles. Fatigability and variability of skeletal muscle weakness are hallmarks of MG. MG in children is classified by the three different pathophysiological mechanisms: transient neonatal myasthenia, congenital myasthenic…
Introduction Childhood cranial nerve palsies represent one of the more difficult evaluation and management challenges in pediatric ophthalmology. Severity and acuity of pediatric cranial nerve palsies can range from those that simply can be observed, to those that could represent…
For video accompanying this chapter and supplementary materials see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction The term “congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders” (CCDDs) refers to a group of congenital, non-progressive disorders resulting from developmental abnormalities of one or more…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Overview and Definitions The terms “A” and “V” pattern describe horizontal strabismus that is vertically incomitant. It is characterized by a substantial difference in the horizontal deviation…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Overview and Definitions For a patient with vertical strabismus, one should first determine whether the deviation is comitant or incomitant. If the latter, one next determines if…
Introduction Exotropia is a manifest divergent squint. A comitant squint is one in which the angle of deviation is the same in all positions of gaze, regardless of which eye is fixing. This chapter addresses infantile exotropia, cyclic exotropia, micro-exotropia…
Definition Exodeviation may be controlled by a fusional mechanism and is classified as exophoria (X), intermittent exotropia (X(T)), or constant exotropia (XT) ( Fig. 80.1 ). X(T) is a disease that becomes manifest when fusional convergence of exophoria is intermittently…
Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia (Aace) Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) is not defined in the ICD10 or SNOMED CT and is described both as a relatively rare subtype of esotropia, distinct from paretic, incomitant strabismus and as the third most…
Characteristics Accommodative esotropia describes an esotropia caused in whole, or in part, by the use of accommodation to clear vision in the presence of uncorrected hypermetropia. This association is widely attributed to Donders. Accommodative esotropia is one of the most…
First, we must, I believe, firmly embed strabismus in the matrix where it belongs – an anomaly of neurodevelopment. John T Flynn Infantile esotropia (IET) is defined as a constant non-accommodative esotropia with onset before 6 months of age in…