The ophthalmologist needs to make an exact ocular and systemic diagnosis in patients with eyes that are smaller than normal or those with malformations affecting anterior or posterior structures. A precise diagnosis allows good counseling of patients and families, an…
This chapter focuses on the most common external eye conditions in children, which are summarized in Fig. 15.1 . Open full size image Fig. 15.1 Algorithm for classification of conjunctivitis. GVHD, graft-versus-host disease; HSV, herpes simplex virus; HZO, herpes zoster…
Infectious endophthalmitis occurs when bacteria or fungi enter the eye following a breach of the outer wall of the eye (exogenous endophthalmitis), or when microorganisms enter the eye from a source elsewhere in the body (endogenous endophthalmitis). Inflammation related to…
The diagnosis of infective preseptal and orbital cellulitis is clinical. The goal is to prevent rapid deterioration and serious sequelae such as visual loss, cavernous sinus thrombosis, cerebral abscess, osteomyelitis, and septicemia. Children are at greater risk of these serious…
Neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva occurring within the first month of life. It is the most common infection in the first month of life, with an incidence from 1% to 24%, depending…
Introduction Intrauterine infection is defined as an infection transmitted to the fetus any time during pregnancy, except for the last week (this is a perinatal infection). Intrauterine infections contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth, preterm birth, intrauterine growth…
Introduction The modern era of genetic ophthalmology began in 1985 with the discovery of the retinoblastoma gene. Exciting progress in deciphering the genetic basis of eye disease has been made since that time ( Fig. 10.1 gives a timeline of…
Introduction Imaging is often pivotal in making a diagnosis in pediatric ophthalmology. We hope to highlight the way the pediatric ophthalmologist and radiologist can form an effective team when dealing with children with orbital and/or visual pathway problems. Pre-imaging multidisciplinary…
Introduction In 1850/1851, the German physiologist and physicist Hermann Helmholtz (1821–1894, ennobled 1883) designed the direct ophthalmoscope, enabling the founders of modern ophthalmology to view the living ocular fundus for the first time. New disorders were described, making this instrument…
For supplementary materials see . See inside cover for access details. Introduction Visual electrophysiology has an important role in modern pediatric ophthalmology. It offers unique functional measures of each part of the visual pathway, from the retina to the…