Abdominal Wall And Umbilicus Embryology The abdominal wall begins to develop in the earliest stages of embryonic differentiation from the lateral plate of the embryonic mesoderm. At this stage, the embryo consists of three principal layers—an outer protective layer termed…
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common benign medical condition of the stomach and esophagus. In patients with GERD who experience persistent life-limiting symptoms despite maximal medical therapy, antireflux surgery should be strongly considered. The application of laparoscopy to…
An organ that spans the distance of neck to stomach, the esophagus for all of its tube-like simplicity is in actuality a complex and relatively durable organ. It traverses the outside world and passes through precious territory in the mediastinum.…
The multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes occur as a result of a genetic change leading to the development of tumors in endocrine organs and tissues. Alterations in the menin gene, a tumor suppressor gene, results in MEN type 1 (MEN1),…
History The adrenal glands were first described by the Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi in 1563. The German comparative anatomist Albert von Kölliker (1817–1905), who noted the presence of the adrenals in a number of vertebrate species, is credited with first…
First identified over 400 years ago by Greek anatomists, the pancreas is located in the retroperitoneum with the head of the pancreas lying in the C loop of the duodenum ( Fig. 39.1A and B ). The pancreas has distinct…
History of the Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands were the last endocrine glands to be discovered. The earliest reference to the parathyroid glands is Sir Richard Owen’s description of a small compact yellow glandular body that was attached to the…
Disclosures IS is a consultant for Medtronic and Prescient Surgical. JAS is a member of the Data Monitoring Committee of the Medullary Thyroid Cancer Consortium Registry supported by GlaxoSmithKline, Novo Nordisk, Astra Zeneca, and Eli Lilly. History of Thyroid Surgery…
In women in the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second most common cause of death from cancer. From the 1980s to 2015, breast cancer mortality rates have declined, and 5-year survival has increased to…
Anatomy The breast lies between the subdermal layer of adipose tissue and the superficial pectoral fascia ( Fig. 35.1 ). The breast parenchyma is composed of lobes that comprise multiple lobules. Multiple fibrous bands termed the suspensory ligaments of Cooper…