Introduction Renovascular disease (RVD) encompasses a range of disorders that affect renal artery structure and kidney blood flow. The primary importance of RVD relates to renal hypoperfusion causing hypertension (HTN) and loss of renal excretory function. Both in turn contribute…
Introduction Venous thoracic outlet syndrome (vTOS) is thrombosis or severe stenosis of the subclavian–axillary vein secondary to chronic extrinsic mechanical compression. Most commonly, this stems from acquired anatomic changes in the thoracic outlet including anterior scalene or subclavius muscle hypertrophy…
Arterial complications from subclavian artery compression represent the least common type of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in adults, but they also represent the strongest indication for operative intervention. Arterial manifestations usually follow a progressive course characterized by extrinsic compression, poststenotic…
The management of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, including a prominent role for surgical treatment in well-selected patients. Establishing the diagnosis can be challenging, and disappointing results of treatment have led some authorities to question…
Introduction Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition resulting from compression of the neurovascular structures traversing the thoracic outlet. The syndrome is divided into three types based on the symptoms and signs of neurovascular compression. Neurogenic TOS (nTOS) results from…
Upper extremity amputation remains infrequent in today’s vascular surgery practice. Loss of a portion of the arm and hand is usually a devastating and life-altering event, with surgery representing only the beginning of a life full of challenges for these…
Introduction Upper extremity disease and its management are amongst some of the most complex topics in vascular surgery. Unlike lower extremity disease, which is due to atherosclerosis most of the time, upper extremity arterial disease encompasses a wide variety of…
Upper extremity ischemia accounts for less than 5% of patients presenting for evaluation of limb ischemia, with a vast majority of cases being caused by autoimmune/connective tissue diseases. In contrast to the lower extremity, atherosclerosis is not a major etiology…
A podiatrist is a clinician who practices medicine and/or surgery of the human foot and ankle. The scope of practice for podiatrists varies by country and even province (in Canada) or state (in the United States). When paired with vascular…
The prevalence of diabetes and obesity has increased significantly, which has led to complications such as stroke, peripheral vascular complications, and chronic nonhealing wounds. , In most medical communities, surgeons are considered the local wound care experts and are expected…