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Combinatorial Technologies Leveraging Robotics in Spine Surgery
Introduction Technological innovations over the past several decades have enabled spine surgeons to steadily increase the safety and efficacy of procedures performed with a focus on improving outcomes, while minimizing the surgical footprint. Innovations in microscopic and endoscopic visualization systems,…
Databases, Study Groups, and Evidence in Robotic Spine Surgery
Introduction A large amount of literature related to spine surgery is plagued by retrospective design and small sample sizes resulting in a lack of statistical power. This is particularly true for literature regarding the validation of cutting-edge technologies, including robotic…
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Spine Surgery
Introduction of Technology While investigations into incorporating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine have been numerous and diverse, their aggregate contributions have altered and revolutionized clinical practice. Fundamentally, ML and AI approaches seek to leverage automata for…
Use of Activity Monitors in Enhancing Spine Surgery
Introduction of technology Outcome Measurement: Present Practice and Standard of Care How outcomes are determined after spine surgery has shifted from subjective and solely physician-based to patient-centered and patient-reported. The last few decades have seen the development and systematic validation…
Virtual and Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery
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Cost-Effectiveness of Robotic and Navigation Systems
Introduction Substantial technological innovation has been made in spine surgery over the last few decades. This innovation has ranged from improvement in operative techniques, surgical implants, and biologics to improved accuracy with image-guided navigation and robotics. Robotic assistance is being…
Traumatic Spinal Injury and Robotic Reconstruction
Introduction of Technology Traumatic spinal injury (TSI) may involve injury to the osseous structures, discoligamentous components, spinal cord, nerve roots of the spinal column, or a combination thereof. TSI can lead to a wide range of medical conditions, from minimal…
Robotics in Spine Surgery: Beyond Pedicle Screw Placement
Intraoperative image-guided (IG) navigation and robotic assistance in spine surgery have traditionally been used to improve pedicle screw placement accuracy, decrease radiation exposure for operating room staff and patients, help surgeon ergonomics, and improve overall surgical outcomes. More recently, however,…
Robotic-Assisted Percutaneous Fixation
Introduction of Technology Present Practice and Standard of Care Pedicle screws have been placed to enhance spinal fusion since at least 1959. In that year, Boucher published a report detailing the placement of screws into the vertebral body via the…