Key Points ■ Bone turnover comprises two processes: the removal of old bone (resorption) and the laying down of new bone (formation). ■ N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), markers of bone…
Key Points ■ Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone strength and increased susceptibility to fractures. The reduction in bone strength is a function of reduced bone mass and abnormal bone quality. Determinants of bone quality include…
Key Points ■ Osteoporosis is a common disease that affects bone and is associated with increased risk of fragility fractures. ■ Fractures occur most frequently at the spine, hip, and wrist, but fractures related to osteoporosis also occur at other…
Key Points ■ Osteoporosis is a systematic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, and susceptibility to fracture. It can be divided into primary and secondary forms. ■ The most widely used definition of osteoporosis…
Key Points ■ Calcific periarthritis is characterized by periarticular deposits of calcific material (hydroxyapatite), which may also result in calcific tendinitis or bursitis. ■ In calcific periarthritis, the shoulder is the main site affected, but deposits have been described near…
Key Points ■ Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is a common and underrecognized form of arthritis in older adult patients. ■ The clinical presentation of CPDD is broad and ranges from an acute monoarticular inflammatory arthritis to a chronic polyarticular…
Key Points ■ Therapeutic strategies for gout and hyperuricemia have been subjected to systematic and formal consensus review processes and disseminated in recent guidelines. ■ Management strategies involve distinct but linked arms, with attention to safety and improved quality of…
Key Points ■ An acute gout flare is characterized by abrupt and rapid onset of extreme pain, within 24 hours, starting usually at night or early morning, with resolution within days to weeks. ■ In men the initial flare is…
Key Points ■ Gout is a chronic disease of monosodium urate crystal deposition, which typically presents as recurrent episodes of severe, painful inflammatory arthritis. Monosodium urate crystals form from extracellular fluids saturated with urate, the endproduct of human purine metabolism.…
Key Points ■ In many modern societies, with abundantly available foods and a strong tendency toward a sedentary lifestyle, gout has changed its epidemiology from a “disease of kings” to a “disease of commoners,” coinciding with the global obesity epidemic.…