The human enteroviruses and parechoviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family that are commonly transmitted by enteric and respiratory routes. They cause a wide spectrum of illnesses in people of all ages. The enteroviruses are divided among 4 species within…
Pathogen and Pathophysiology Polioviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They have a naked protein capsid consisting of 4 structural proteins, VP1 to VP4. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded for genome replication lacks…
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The epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, infectious complications, and management of HIV are covered in Chapter 109, Chapter 110, Chapter 111, Chapter 112, Chapter 113 . HIV types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) are members of the Lentivirus genus…
Epidemiology Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) include four types (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3, and HTLV-4). HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were first reported in 1980 and 1982, respectively, and are the two most clinically important HTLVs. , Infections with HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were…
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Description of the Pathogens Viruses of the families Filoviridae and Arenaviridae are composed of single-stranded RNA in lipid envelopes. The Filoviridae family of viruses is further divided into three genera: Ebolavirus , Marburgvirus , and Cuevavirus . Within the genus…
Acknowldgment The authors acknowledge substantial contributions to this chapter from work of Joseph Bresee in previous editions. Influenza viruses cause annual winter epidemics of respiratory illness in temperate climates and have resulted in four influenza pandemics since 1900. The global…
The Virus Rabies virus and 17 bat lyssaviruses are members of the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Lyssavirus, which is derived from the Greek word lyssa, meaning “madness.” Rabies derives from the Sanskrit word rabhas, which means “to do violence.” Rabies virus…
Rubeola (i.e., measles) is an acute, highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral infection. , In the prevaccination era, measles was an almost universal experience during childhood. The incidence of measles declined markedly in the US after the licensure of a live measles…