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Introduction Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are clusters of direct connections of arteries to draining veins without intervening capillary bed . The three main components of an AVM are one or more feeding arteries, the nidus at the site of the…
Introduction A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of dysplastic blood vessels characterized by abnormal connections between arteries and veins. Dilated arteries and a nidus drained by arterialized veins without intervening capillaries form a high-flow, low-resistance shunt between the…
Introduction The term “pituitary apoplexy” (PA) was first described in context of five autopsies in which hemorrhagic necrosis was noted in pituitary adenomas; the studied patients had a history of clinical dyspituitarism and sudden death . This condition is exceptionally…
Introduction Aneurysms are one of the most common vascular anomalies of the central nervous system but are far less common in children than in adults. These structurally abnormal areas of the arterial wall can cause bleeding, compression of adjacent structures,…
Introduction Giant cerebral aneurysms (GCAs) have been defined by convention as aneurysms that are 2.5 cm or greater in diameter. These lesions constitute approximately 5% of intracranial aneurysms and are the result of progressive enlargement of a small aneurysm .…
Introduction Intracranial aneurysms are abnormal focal dilations of blood vessels in the brain that result in weakening of the vessel wall making it more prone to rupture. They are common acquired lesions that are usually saccular. Rupture of an intracranial…
Introduction Nearly 30,000 Americans suffer from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) every year, and the overall mortality rate is 40% . About 5–15% of all intracranial aneurysms are located in the posterior circulation . The posterior circulation provides the blood supply…
Cerebellar hemorrhage and cerebellar infarction are two clinical entities with entirely different pathophysiologies, although the clinical syndromes are quite similar and the surgical management and operative considerations are nearly identical. For this reason, surgical treatment of either cerebellar hemorrhage or…
Introduction The stroke risk and management principles for symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis are relatively well established and have a wide consensus among practicing clinicians, discussed in Chapter 80 . The same, however, cannot be said for management of…
Introduction Large-vessel arteriosclerotic disease and stenosis, most commonly of the extracranial carotid artery bifurcation and simply referred to as carotid stenosis, accounts for 15–20% of cerebral ischemic events. The two main mechanisms for these events are hemodynamic compromise, as the…