Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke . The most extensively studied function of tPA is its primary activity, namely, the proteolytic conversion of the zymogen…
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Introduction Cells involved in the immune system need to be tightly interconnected to elaborate a collaborative and well-organized response against noxious stimuli. With this aim, cells communicate either by direct contact mediated by different plasma membrane molecules or by the…
Acknowledgments This work was supported by NIH grant NS079585, VA merit review grant 1I01BX002985, and American Heart Association grant 15IRG23050015. Introduction Stroke (cerebral ischemia)-induced brain damage is a complex injury that begins with loss of oxygen and nutrient flow to…
Introduction In response to ischemia, cellular responses lead to the induction of a variety of stress proteins, included among them are the heat shock proteins (Hsps) and immediate early genes (IEGs). Hsps are a family of stress proteins thought to…
Introduction The balance between apoptotic signals and survival signals determines the fate of neurons after cerebral ischemia. Unobstructed activation of caspases in pathological conditions will lead to cell death; however, activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway may counteract the…
Introduction More than two decades after their discovery, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) is at the center stage of therapeutic development in many diverse diseases ranging from cardiovascular to neurological, metabolic, and ocular disorders. Because ROCK activity is pivotal in the regulation…
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cells respond to their extracellular environment via common intracellular signaling systems. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine–threonine kinases that mediate intracellular signaling involved in regulating protein and cell functioning related to membrane, intra- and intercellular processes…
Acknowledgment This work was supported by NIGMS grant GM103340 and NINDS grant NS046741 (NGB). Platelet-Activating Factor and Other Bioactive Lipids A target for cerebral ischemia is phospholipids from plasma membranes of neural cells. Phospholipid molecules of membranes from neurons, glial…
Introduction Loss of blood flow during stroke creates significant cellular stress via a host of stresses including hypoxia, glucose deprivation, and oxidative stress. Preconditioning studies teach us that homeostatic programs to cell stress are rapidly engaged via activation of preexisting…