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Clostridioides difficile infection
Clostridioides difficile , formerly knowns as Clostridium difficile, is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus, with a spore phase that prolongs survival in the environment. Ingestion of spores that are resistant to gastric acid results in maturation into the bacillus stage. C.…
Gastrointestinal viruses
Diarrheal disease is the second most common cause of death in children younger than 5 years worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In the United States, viruses are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children; norovirus, rotavirus,…
Strongyloides, cryptosporidium , and other parasitic infections
Parasitic infections are an uncommon but potentially important cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing solid organ transplantation (SOT). Although few data have been published relating to parasitic infections in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or being…
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Epidemiology and risk factors Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii ) is an infrequent though potentially deadly cause of fungal pneumonia ( P. jirovecii pneumonia [PJP]) in immunocompromised patients. P. jirovecii is a ubiquitous unicellular organism found around the world with…
Nocardia and actinomyces
Nocardia Epidemiology and risk factors Nocardia species are a heterogeneous group of ubiquitous aerobic, gram-positive filamentous organisms that reside in soil and decaying organic matter and are associated with an array of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. First…
Toxoplasma gondii
Epidemiology and risk factors Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals, including mammals and birds. Transmission of T. gondii is linked to its biological life cycle and occurs most…
Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis are the most common endemic mycoses in North America. Their geographic distribution encompasses close to two-thirds of the United States and parts of Canada, Mexico, Central and South America, and Africa. Histoplasma capsulatum , Blastomyces dermatitidis…
Cryptococcosis and other rare invasive yeasts infections
The vast majority of invasive yeast infections in organ transplant recipients and patients with malignancy are caused by Candida species. However, a variety of other yeasts are important opportunistic pathogens for these patients and are reviewed in this chapter. This…
Candidiasis
The Candida genus represents a group of more than 200 species present in both human flora and the environment. Of these, approximately 20 have been implicated in human disease. Typically, the pathogens from this genus are divided into C. albicans…